Blood Leukocytes in Young and Aged Rats After Whole Body Cryostimulation (–120°C)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15407/cryo31.01.023Keywords:
whole body cryostimulation, leukocytes, integral leukocyte indices, age, ratsAbstract
The whole body cryostimulation (WBC) (–120°C) induces significant changes in blood leukocyte parameters in young and aged rats (total leukocyte number (leukocytosis or leukopenia); quantitative and qualitative correlation of their types, and shift direction in leukocyte formula); appearance of immature, plasm and polychromatophilic cells, cytoplasm plasmatization in some leukocytes, and changes in the integral leukocyte indices. The direction and severity of these changes depend on animals age (6–7 or 18–20 months old), number of the WBC sessions (1, 2 or 3), terms of observation (day and week) and mainly indicates physiological alterations in a body, that may be associated with the strain of involved functional systems and stress. In aged rats only, 24 hrs after the 2nd WBC session the lymphocyte percentage corresponded to a lower control value, thus indicating the training response formation at this stage. The integral leukocyte indices of aged rats underwent considerably smaller changes if compared with the young ones, especially in 24 hrs and a week after the WBC; the Garkavi adaptation index increased only in aged rats and just 24 hrs after the 3rd WBC session.
Probl Cryobiol Cryomed 2021; 31(1): 023–037
References
Abdulkadyrov KM, editor. [Hematology]. Moscow: EKSMO; 2004: 928 p. Russian
Anisimov VN. [Molecular and physiological mechanisms of ageing]. St. Petersburg: Nauka; 2008; Vol. 1: 481 p. Russian
Babiichuk VG, Kozlov AV, Lomakin II, Babiichuk GA, inventors; Institute for problems of cryobiology and cryomedicine of NAS of Ukraine, assignee. [Cryochamber for experimental cooling of laboratory animals]. Ukraine patent № 40168. 2009 March 25. Ukrainian
Cuttell S, Hammond L, Langdon D, Costello J. Individualising the exposure of -110°C whole body cryotherapy: The effects of sex and body composition. J Therm Biol. 2017; 65: 41-7. CrossRef
Dale MM, Foreman JC, editors. [Neutrofilic leukocytes. Textbook of immunopharmacology]. Moscow: Medicina; 1998; 331 p. Russian
Dolgushin II, Bukharin OV. [Neutrophils and homeostasis]. Ekaterinburg: UrО RAS Publishing 2001: 284 p. Russian
Gavrisheva NА, Alekseeva GV, Boyko АI, Panov АV. [Multiple roles of leucocytes in coronary heart disease]. Russ J Cardiol. 2017; 151(11): 86-92. Russian CrossRef
Garkavi LKh, Kvakina EB, Ukolova MA. [Adaptive reactions and resistance of the organism]. Rostov-on-Don: Rostov University Publishing; 1990: 223 p. Russian
Kepinska M, Gdula-Argasinska J, Dabrowski Z, et al. Fatty acids composition in erythrocyte membranes of athletes after one and after a series of whole body cryostimulation sessions. Cryobiology. 2017 Feb; 74(1): 121-5. CrossRef
Kulis A, Misiorek A, Marchewka J. et al. Effect of whole-body cryotherapy on the rheological parameters of blood in older women with spondyloarthrosis. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2017; 66(3): 187-95. CrossRef
Lomako VV. Effect of different cooling regimens (craniocerebral and immersion hypothermia, surface rhythmic cold exposures and whole body cryostimulation) on leukocyte indices of rat blood. Probl Cryobiol Cryomed. 2018; 28(4): 293-310. CrossRef
Lombardi G, Lanteri P, Porcelli S, et al. Hematological profile and martial status in rugby players during whole body cryostimulation. PLoS ONE [Internet]. 2013 Feb 1 [cited Dec 15 2017]; 8(2): e55803. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0055803 CrossRef
Lombardi G, Ziemann E, Banfi G. Whole-body cryotherapy in athletes: from therapy to stimulation. An updated review of the literature. Front. Physiol [Internet]. 2017 May 2 [cited Dec 15 2017]; 8: 258. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2017.00258/full CrossRef
Lubkowska A, Szyguła Z, Chlubek D, Banfi G. The effect of prolonged whole-body cryostimulation treatment with different amounts of sessions on chosen pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines levels in healthy men. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2011 Sep; 71(5): 419-25. CrossRef
Lubkowska A, Szygula Z, Klimek AJ, Torii M. Do sessions of cryostimulation have influence on white blood cell count, level of IL6 and total oxidative and antioxidative status in healthy men? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 May; 109(1): 67-72. CrossRef
Mawhinney C, Low DA, Jones H, et al. Cold water mediates greater reductions in limb blood flow than whole body cryotherapy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017; 49(6): 1252-60. CrossRef
Mustafina ZhG, Kramarenko YuS, Kobtseva VYu. [Integral haematological indices in the evaluation of the immunological reactivity of the organism in patients with ophthalmopathology]. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. 1999; (5): 46-8. Russian
Oleynik GA. [Leukocyte indices in the prognosis of the course and outcome of cold injury]. International medical journal. 2010; 16(2): 63-9. Russian
Pournot H, Bieuzen F, Louis J, et al. Time-course of changes in inflammatory response after whole-body cryotherapy multi exposures following severe exercise. PLoS ONE [Internet]. 2011 Jul 28 [cited Dec 15 2017]; 6(7): e22748. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022748 CrossRef
Roszkowska K, Witkowska-Pilaszewicz O, Przewozny M, Cywinska A. Whole body and partial body cryotherapies - lessons from human practice and possible application for horses. BMC Vet Res [Internet]. 2018 Dec 12; [cited Jan 10 2019]; 14(1): 394. Available from: https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-018-1679-6 CrossRef
Shiffman FJ. [Blood pathophysiology]. Moscow: Binom, 2009 446 p. Russian
Siplivy VA, Kon EV, Evtushenko DV. [Use of leukocyte indices for predicting the outcome of peritonitis]. Klіnichna hіrurgіya. 2009; (9): 21-6. Russian
Stanek A, Sieroń-Stołtny K, Romuk E, et al. Whole-body cryostimulation as an effective method of reducing oxidative stress in healthy men. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2016; 25(6): 1281-91. CrossRef
Szygula Z, Lubkowska A, Giemza C, et al. Hematological parameters, and hematopoietic growth factors: EPO and IL-3 in response to whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) in military academy students. PLoS ONE [Internet]. 2014 Apr 2 [cited Dec 15 2017]; 9(4): e93096. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0093096 CrossRef
Voitenko VP, Pisaruk AV. [System prerequisites of ageing]. Izvestiya Ros Acad nauk. Series "Biologicheskaya". 1992; (4): 629-31. Russian
Wilson LJ, Cockburn E, Paice K, et al. Recovery following a marathon: a comparison of cold water immersion, whole body cryotherapy and a placebo control. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018; 118(1): 153-63. CrossRef
Wilson LJ, Dimitriou L, Hills FA, et al. Whole body cryotherapy, cold water immersion, or a placebo following resistance exercise: a case of mind over matter? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019;119(1):135-47. CrossRef
Zak KP. [The role of neutrophilic leukocytes in the pathogenesis of human type 1 diabetes (analytical review with the inclusion of our own data)]. Int J Endocrinol. 2016. 2(74): 130-9. Russian CrossRef
Ziemann E, Olek RA, Kujach S, et al. Five-day whole-body cryostimulation, blood inflammatory markers, and performance in high-ranking professional tennis players. J Athl Train. 2012; 47(6): 664-72. CrossRef
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).